David @ Tokyo

Earlier in the year I featured a Japanese report of the entanglement and death of a western gray whale off the north eastern coast of Japan.

Entanglement is by no means the only threat this population is struggling with. Reuters has an update on the issue of noise disturbance in the western pacific gray whale's feeding ground:

Noise from a Russian gas field in the Pacific Ocean is driving the endangered grey whale away from one of its few feeding grounds, says the WWF environmental group.

...

... construction work at a Russian gas project is forcing them away from their natural habitat.

A spokesman for the Sakhalin Energy project had this to say:

"The acoustic monitoring buoys detected no unusual noise and at no time did noise levels at the outer edge of the feeding area exceed the action criteria levels" ...

Sakhalin Energy is ready to share and discuss data with environmentalists, he said.

WWF's full press release is here.

IWMC World Conservation Trust also featured this issue in their February 2007 edition of sustainable eNews.


UPDATE 07/06: Sakhalin Energy's homepage has more information from their perspective. A meeting of the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel was apparently held in April:

The specialists participating in the Sakhalin Energy -ENL WGW study who also took the floor at the meeting, noted that the offshore construction works carried out in summer 2006 to connect the shore with the Molikpaq and PA-B platforms in the framework of the Sakhalin II Project had no detectable adverse impact on Gray Whales distribution and behavior in the Piltun foraging area.

This contrasts quite strongly with the impression given by WWF.

There is little mention in the IWC Scientific Committee's report of this meeting or it's findings.

WWF is to be congratulated for their interest in this issue although members of the public will likely be scratching their heads with regards to who's story they ought to believe.

Labels: gray whale

As I reported a few weeks back, a 4th Western Gray Whale unfortunately died when it became entangled in a set fishing net off the coast of Iwate. The IUCN picked up on it a week later, issuing this news release.

Yomiuri Shinbun's "Sports Hochi" has subsequently reported the IUCN response in the Japanese media in this article, which notes the general points (no time to translate, sorry - maybe later).

Labels: gray whale, threats to whales, whale by-catch

Bad news today, another western gray whale has apparently died in a fixed fishing net off the coast of Iwate, north eastern Honshu.

Here's my translation of an January 20th article from Iwate Nippo on the subject (I think some of the information in this article is wrong, but I'll get to that later):

Gray whale caught in fixed net - Yoshihama bay, Ofunato

On the 19th, it was reported that a gray whale, a species with a high risk of extinction, became entangled in a fixed fishing net in Yoshihama bay, Sanriku, Ofunato city, and had been landed at Kamaishi city's Kamaishi Fish Market.

The whale was a female calf, of approximately 9.1 metres in length, and estimated to weigh around 7 tonnes. It had already died by the time it was discovered, and was dissected after samples were taken by the Institute of Cetacean Research (Tokyo city). The remains will be destroyed at a Kamaishi incineration plant sometime after the 20th.

According to the Fisheries Agency, fishermen discovered the gray whale entangled in a set net on the morning of the 18th, in the northern end of Yoshihama bay, in Sanriku, Ofunato city. It was pulled to Kamaishi Fish Market, where they inquired to the Fisheries Agency, at which point it was identified as a gray whale. The carcass was dissected on the morning of the 19th after researchers from the institute had completed their investigations.

According to the Fisheries Agency, there are around 100 gray whales in the coastal waters of Asia. A ministerial ordinance was revised in 2001 which, only in the case of entanglement in fixed fishing nets, made possible the sale of proceeds of whale carcasses upon submission of a written report and other procedures. However, a representative of the Fisheries Agency Far Seas Division said "The gray whale is an endangered species, and in consideration of international criticism, we have ruled that the proceeds not be sold".

There were also notifications in 2005 of a grey whale being found in Tokyo bay, and two more off the coast of Onagawa, Miyagi. These three whales also died.

An expert in whale ecology, Mr. Yamada of the No. 1 Animal laboratory at the National Science Museum, analysed the event. "It seems that the whale became entangled in the fixed fishing net while migrating to it's breeding grounds in Mexico. This species travels close to the coastline, so there is the chance of entanglement in fixed fishing nets."

According to the prefecture's fisheries promotion division, there are no prior occurrences of gray whales being entangled in Iwate prefecture. Each year, around 10 minke whales, for which it is permitted to market the proceeds only in the case of entanglement in fixed nets, are landed. In 2006 14 whales were marketed.

[Photo: The head of the gray whale landed at Kamaishi Fish Market, at 10:00 on Jan 19 (courtesy of the Fisheries Agency)]

An earlier article at Nikkan Sports notes that the Institute of Cetacean Research confirmed that the whale was a gray whale, with a representative quoted as saying "it is rare to find gray whales in the seas off Touhoku" (for those unfamiliar with Japanese geography, Touhoku is the north eastern part of the main island of Honshu).

As for the theory of Mr. Yamada at the National Science Museum, I think he's got it wrong. As far as I know the gray whale that breeds in Mexican waters is the fully recovered eastern gray whale, as opposed to the western gray whale that the FAJ representatives are quoted as identifying the specimen as.

This is now the 4th occurrence of a gray whale dying in 2 years, which will again see the issue raised at this year's IWC Scientific Committee meeting. There is coverage of the entanglements on page 12~13 of Annex F of the 2006 IWC/SC report.

An interesting point is that the entanglement and subsequent death of the two whales that died off the coast of Miyagi (immediately south of Iwate) in 2005 occurred in July, at a very different time of year, yet a very similar location.

Regarding the ministerial ordinance of 2001, readers who are literate in Japanese can find materials related to this here, but to briefly summarize a pertinent point, the law makes possible the sale of whales entangled in fixed nets, but whales protected under the marine resource conservation law are not allowed to be sold, even in the case of by-catch in fixed fishing nets. Material on the Internet suggests that officially species falling into this special protection category are

• Blue whale
• Bowhead whale
• Finless Porpoise

However I also have heard from a Japanese NGO spokesperson that the whaling section of the Fisheries Agency's Far Seas Division said that the western gray whale will also be placed on the list. As far as I can tell, this still doesn't seem to have happened as of yet.

Ironically, reports at the time of the 2001 revision note that it was necessary to explicitly exclude the Blue whale and Bowhead whale from the sale of by-catch provisions, although there were in fact no records of Blue whale or Bowhead whale entanglement having ever occurred. Unfortunately, it has been the gray whale that has suddenly had a spurt of entanglements in a short space of time.

While the officials did the appropriate thing by directing that the carcass of this latest entangled gray whale be incinerated (as it would be were it on the protected list), I hope to see the species explicitly listed sooner rather than later. This may help to raise awareness of the problem this species is facing.

Labels: gray whale, threats to whales, whale by-catch

As in various other parts of the world, the humpback whale appears to be in relatively healthy shape in the North Atlantic.

In 2002, at the IWC Scientific Committee had this to say:

In conclusion, the Committee agrees that it has greatly increased its knowledge of North Atlantic humpback whales as a result of its Comprehensive Assessment. In particular, populations are increasing in a number of areas in the North Atlantic (Gulf of Maine, Iceland, West Indies) and the rate of increase of the West Indies breeding population is estimated at 3% per annum between 1979 and 1992 (IWC, 2002l, p.236). This breeding population has an estimated population size of 10,752 in 1992 (IWC, 2002m, p.258).

However,

the Committee is unable to provide advice on the population level of North Atlantic humpback whales in relation to carrying capacity. This statement applies to past carrying capacity and to present carrying capacity.

In another document, Philip Hammond, Peter Stevick and others add that:

We estimate that this population has been increasing about 3.1% a year over the 14-year period. This growth rate is lower than we know it could be, which may mean the population is approaching the size it was before hunting began.

With that background, I was interested to see news today that the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration has observed a "sharp increase in humpback deaths since last summer". Apparently scientists have been able to access one dead female whale

The dead whale is a huge find ... this is the first stranded leviathan from which they can get fresh biological samples, NOAA Fisheries spokeswoman Terri Friday said.

''We don't get a lot of opportunities to sample, so necropsies are very important,'' she told Florida Today.

Such samples can provide a life history of the animal, its food habits, illnesses and viruses that might compromise the rest of the population, the presence of biotoxins or injuries that indicate a cause of death, she said.

With only a single sample to go on I wonder whether the biological samples answer more questions than they pose.

However, in seeing this I recall the observation of an "unusual mortality event" in the essentially fully recovered eastern gray whale stock, which resides off the west coast of North America. From the discussion of the report:

Taken together, these events could be indicative of a population near carrying capacity that experienced substantial nutritional stress during poor environmental conditions, which was translated into lower reproduction and higher mortality. Although these effects have been seen only in recent years, a new analysis fitting a density-dependent model to the population-trend data suggests the Eastern North Pacific gray whale population is no longer increasing and has been relatively stable since the late 1980s or early 1990s; therefore, it may be close to or already at carrying capacity (Wade 2002).

Perhaps the North Atlantic humpback whale too has hit it's carrying capacity? I'm sure they will be a lot of scientific interest in this situation.

UPDATE 2007/01/18:
Another humpback death has been reported.

Labels: gray whale, humpbacks, unusual mortality event